Transport Properties Of Metallic Nanowires On Silicon Substrate

Vol.2  No.1

Year : 2014

Issue : Apr-Jun

Title : Transport Properties Of Metallic Nanowires On Silicon Substrate

Author Name : Jaskiran Kaur, Surinder Singh

Synopsis :

This paper presents the electrical properties of the randomly distributed metallic (Co, Ni and Fe) nano/micro wires on Silicon. Deposition was carried out potentiostatically into the pores of the track-etch polycarbonate membrane spin coated onto the Silicon substrate. Spin coated films were irradiated with 150MeV Ni (+11) ions at a fluence of 8E7 2 ions/cm , followed by UV irradiation and chemically etching in aqueous NaOH (6N, at room temperature). Later morphological, and electrical properties of the so deposited nano-/micro structures were studied.

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Effect Of Compositional Variation Of The Physical Parameters Of Ge-Se-In Glass System

Vol.2  No.1

Year : 2014

Issue : Apr-Jun

Title : Effect Of Compositional Variation Of The Physical Parameters Of Ge-Se-In Glass System

Author Name : Surbhi Sharma, Amit Sarin, Navjeet Sharma

Synopsis :

In this paper an attempt has been made to theoretically find the variation of some important parameters of one of the arsenic fre Ge-Se glass system by the addition of In content. Various parameters like co-ordination number, floppy modes, bond energy, electro negativity, heat of atomization, cohesive energy and glass transition temperature have been calculated for Ge Se In (x=0,1,2,3,4,5,6) glass system. Glass transition temperature (Tg) is calculated by using 16 84-x x two approaches i.e. Tichy-Ticha and Lankhorst approaches. Tg seems to be increasing in theoretical calculations while average single bond energy is decreasing with the increase in the content of In.

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Importance Of Post Curing And Radiation Assisted Post Curing For Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites – A Review

Vol.2  No.1

Year : 2014

Issue : Apr-Jun

Title : Importance Of Post Curing And Radiation Assisted Post Curing For Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites – A Review

Author Name : Dr Kiran Kumar .P

Synopsis :

FRP composites have been the part and parcel of many industrial and domestic applications. It is not only limited to aerospace, though the roots are from aerospace there is a paradigm shift in methods and applications. It covers wide range of products from headgear to aircrafts. Post curing leads to improved properties due to better interfacial bonding between matrix and fiber. Maximum amount of time is consumed in post curing of polymer composites. In this paper alternate method particularly radiation post curing is discussed in detail. Comparison between thermal curing with IR and other radiation curing methods is reviewed.

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Mechanical And Metallurgical Characterisation Of Friction Stir Welded Aluminium Alloys Aa5083-O And Aa6061-T4

Vol.2  No.1

Year : 2014

Issue : Apr-Jun

Title : Mechanical And Metallurgical Characterisation Of Friction Stir Welded Aluminium Alloys Aa5083-O And Aa6061-T4

Author Name : Kudzanayi Chiteka, Narayana Yuvaraj

Synopsis :

This research presents the mechanical and metallurgical properties of dissimilar joints of AA5083-O and AA6061-T4 aluminum alloy. Two rotational speeds, 630 and 1600 rpm and three traverse speeds 16, 25, and 40 mm/min were applied to perform the joining process. Macrostructural observations were done to evaluate the weld quality and some semi-circular profiles appeared on the trailing side of the weld and flash were also visible on the retreating side of the joint. Optical microscopy was used to determine the orientation and distribution of the grains in the weld and the adjacent zones. Dynamic recrystallization was evident in the dissimilar joint and the fine grain structure confirmed this. The material in the stir zone contained a mixture of both materials but AA6061-T4 which was fixed on the advancing side dominated the stir zone and thus it influenced the joint performance. Mechanical properties of the joints i.e. ultimate strength, elongation, and microhardness were determined for different weld zones and material combinations. Material combinations included joints made of similar AA5083-O or AA6061-T4 as well as dissimilar joints of AA5083-O and AA6061-T4. The dissimilar joint exhibited intermediate mechanical properties. Hardness values were generally less in the advancing side compared to the retreating side and also they increased from the bottom towards the top of the joint.

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PMMA Based Polymer Gel Electrolyte Containing LiCF3SO3

Vol.2  No.1

Year : 2014

Issue : Apr-Jun

Title : PMMA Based Polymer Gel Electrolyte Containing LiCF3SO3

Author Name : Narinder Arora, Ajay Sharma , Amit Kumar , Rajesh Kumar

Synopsis :

Effect of polymer (PMMA) and salt (LiCF3SO3 ) on the conducting behaviour of polymer gel electrolytes in non-volatile solvent (PC) has been studied. The maximum ionic conductivity ( = 2.92 mS/cm) of polymer gel electrolyte has been observed at room temperature. An anomalous conducting behaviour is observed at small content of PMMA addition in o o gel electrolyte. Small increase in conductivity observed with increasing temperature (range 10 -70o C) is in factor-wise only, which makes these gel electrolytes suitable for many device applications.

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Preparation And Characterisation Of Rare Earth Doped Phosphate Glasses

Vol.2  No.1

Year : 2014

Issue : Apr-Jun

Title : Preparation And Characterisation Of Rare Earth Doped Phosphate Glasses

Author Name : Manpreet Kaur, Mehak Mahajan , Mohini Bhatia , Sarabjit Kaur , Lakhwant Singh

Synopsis :

Phosphate glasses with composition 50P O -30CaO-(20-x) Li O-xCeO with x varying from 0-2.0 mol % were prepared 2 5 2 2 using the conventional melt quench technique. The amorphous nature of prepared glasses was confirmed from the XRD(X-Ray Diffraction) spectra. The density and Molar volume of the glasses was found using the Archimedes principle. 3 The value of the density lies in the range of 3.58-3.71 g/cm . The density of the prepared glasses was found to increase with the concentration of CeO . This was explained as the molecular weight of CeO is more as compared to the 2 2 molecular weight of Li O. The Raman spectra was obtained for the prepared glass samples and it was found that no new 2 peaks are formed with the doping of CeO , and only there is a change in the intensity of peaks and the peaks are red 2 shifted. The bandgap energy is found to decrease with CeO doping due to the formation of more NBOs.

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Burnishing a Super Finishing Process – A Review

Vol.1  No.4

Year : 2014

Issue : Jan-Mar

Title : Burnishing a Super Finishing Process – A Review

Author Name : Aashish Sharma, S.B.S Kalsi

Synopsis :

Burnishing is considered as a super finishing process. In this process, the metallic surface of the work piece undergoes plastic deformation by the pressing action of a hard and highly polished rotating ball or roller. By using finishing processes such as reaming, boring, etc., we can have the good surface finish but there is no affect on the surface characteristics of the material. Improvements in surface finish, surface hardness, wear resistance and corrosion resistance can be achieved by the application of this process. Burnishing parameters such as burnishing speed, burnishing force, burnishing feed, plays an important role in the improvement of the surface characteristics of the material. To select the burnishing parameters to reduce the surface roughness and to increase the surface hardness is especially crucial. The aim of this paper is to critically discuss the affect of different parameters on burnishing.

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Enhanced Antioxidant Activity Of Gold Nanoparticles Embeded Solanum Tuberosum Extract And HPTLC Quantification

Vol.1  No.4

Year : 2014

Issue : Jan-Mar

Title : Enhanced Antioxidant Activity Of Gold Nanoparticles Embeded Solanum Tuberosum Extract And HPTLC Quantification

Author Name : Roopa Rani, Kiran Singh, Manmohan Srivastava

Synopsis :

The facile synthesis of stable gold nano particles embeded solanum tuberosum (GNPST) is demonstrated using extract of Solanum Tuberosum. The best parameters for the synthesis were NaAuCl4 salt (0.1M, 2 μL) at room temperature. The results were verified using UV-Vis spectrometry, XRD, AFM and SEM. GNPST were monodispersed and of the size (40 ± 20nm). DPPH and Fenton bioassay indicated that GNPST exhibit 12% enhancement in antioxidant activity. HPTLC detection identified ascorbic acid as major antioxidant compound in the potato extract.

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Effect Of Gamma Irradiation On Structural And Optical Properties Of Muscovite Mica

Vol.1  No.4

Year : 2014

Issue : Jan-Mar

Title : Effect Of Gamma Irradiation On Structural And Optical Properties Of Muscovite Mica

Author Name : Sukhnandan Kaur, Surinder Singh, Lakhwant Singh

Synopsis :

Present work reports the structural and optical properties of pristine and gamma irradiated muscovite mica. The XRD spectra are used to estimate structural parameters such as crystallite size and micro strain of pristine and irradiated samples. Williamson Hall analysis is employed to calculate crystallite size and micro strain of pristine and irradiated sheets. UV-VIS analysis provides the value of optical indirect, direct band gap and Urbach energy. It was found that the value of optical indirect and direct band gap increases with the increase of gamma dose upto 100 kGy and then decreases with further increase in gamma dose upto 2000 kGy. Thus, the increase of optical band gap makes natural muscovite fits for efficient optoelectronic devices.

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Synthesis of Polyaniline-Zinc Oxide Composites and Its Usage as Ammonia Gas Sensor

Vol.1  No.4

Year : 2014

Issue : Jan-Mar

Title : Synthesis of Polyaniline-Zinc Oxide Composites and Its Usage as Ammonia Gas Sensor

Author Name : Vivek Talwar, Ravi Chand Singh

Synopsis :

This paper present synthesis of Polyaniline-Zinc Oxide Composites and their usage as Ammonia Gas Sensor. The authors adopted a novel chemical route for the synthesis of polyaniline composites via chemical method. These samples were prepared by oxidation of aniline via rapid mixing method. Aniline solution is prepared in sulphuric acid with addition of fixed wt % of zinc oxide. PANI-ZnO composites were synthesized by rapid mixing of ammonium persulphate to aniline solution in an ice bath. The synthesized samples were characterized using X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) techniques. The morphology of synthesized samples exhibited fibrous and spherical structures. The thick films were prepared salt deposited on alumina substrate for gas sensing application. These sensors exhibited excellent response and recovery time, when exposed to different concentration of ammonia gas at room temperature.

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Cellulosic Nanocomposites: Functional Vector For Arsenic Remediation

Vol.1  No.4

Year : 2014

Issue : Jan-Mar

Title : Cellulosic Nanocomposites: Functional Vector For Arsenic Remediation

Author Name : Kiran Singh, TJM Sinha, Shalini Srivastava

Synopsis :

Surface Functionalization of Nanocrystalline Cellulose using Diethyl Amine was carried out to form an Anion Adsorbent (3-N-N' dimethylamino-2-hydroxypropyl Nanocrystalline Cellulose Ether) for Arsenic Remediation. The product was thoroughly characterized using modern tools. Nano-biosorbent had high efficiency of removal of trivalent (85.20 %) and pentavalent (97.60 %) arsenic from aqueous solutions, even at low concentrations. Adsorption capacity was found to be 8.28 and 9.56 mg/g for As (III) and As (V) respectively. Functionalized nano-biosorbent is ideally suited for economic biosorbent for pretreatment step before large scale chemical treatments for arsenic remediation.

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Xanthan Gum Based Gel Electrolyte Containing NaOH

Vol.1  No.4

Year : 2014

Issue : Jan-Mar

Title : Xanthan Gum Based Gel Electrolyte Containing NaOH

Author Name : Narinder Arora, Viney Sharma, Rajesh Kumar

Synopsis :

Ionic conductivity of xanthan gum based gel electrolytes containing NaOH has been studied and the maximum ionic conductivity (σ = 88.8 mS/cm) at room temperature has been recorded. The behavior of ionic conductivity with the rise in temperature has been observed. A small change in ionic conductivity of xanthan gum based gel electrolytes containing sodium hydroxide (NaOH) has been observed with the passage of time. pH value of gel electrolyte containing NaOH shows their basic in nature.

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An Investigation On Finishing Technique Using Abrasives In The Presence Of A Magnetic Field

Vol.1  No.4

Year : 2014

Issue : Jan-Mar

Title : An Investigation On Finishing Technique Using Abrasives In The Presence Of A Magnetic Field

Author Name : Govindan P, Rahul M S

Synopsis :

The techniques for finishing of materials are being developed for applications in the Industry. Among these applications, there are several challenging situations such as Machining of Complex Features/sections on Products and Cutting of Metallic as well as Non-Metallic Materials. It is proposed that the methods using abrasives under the application of a magnetic field is appropriate for fine finishing. The abrasives are controlled by the magnetic forces and the machining forces are transferred to the workpiece surfaces. The quality of surface finish obtained depends on the quality of abrasives and the magnetic Lorentz forces. Considering the cost optimization of finishing process using magnetic abrasives, cost of the abrasive is of primary concern. The number of abrasive particles transferred to the intended cutting zone, size variation in the abrasive particles and the velocity of impingement of abrasive particles significantly influences the material removal mechanisms. It is evident that the generation of abrasives is also a challenging task. Therefore, in this paper, a preliminary study is carried out on finishing methods by employing the abrasives, under the effect of magnetic field. The significance of magnetic field application on various aspects of material removal is correlated.

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Application of Taguchi Method for Determining Optimum Process Parameters of PMEDM with SiC Powder Suspended in Dielectric

Vol.1  No.3

Year : 2013

Issue : Oct-Dec

Title : Application of Taguchi Method for Determining Optimum Process Parameters of PMEDM with SiC Powder Suspended in Dielectric

Author Name : Deepak Rajendra Unune, Amit Aherwar, Bhargav Prajwal, Jai Kishan

Synopsis :

Powder Mixed Electro-Discharge Machining (PMEDM) is being widely used in modern metal working industry for producing complex cavities in dies and moulds. It has been experimentally demonstrated that the presence of suspended particles in dielectric fluid significantly increases the machining efficiency of EDM process.In this paper, five parameters viz., concentration of silicon carbide (SiC) in dielectric fluid (P ), peak current (I ), gap voltage (V ), pulse on C p g time (T ) and duty cycle (η) were considered and varied to obtain optimal EDM performance characteristics including on Material Removal Rate (MMR) and surface roughness (R ). Taguchi L8 orthogonal array was used for the design of the a experiment.The machining tests were conducted on AISI D3 tool steel work piece using copper electrodes and SiC mixed EDM dielectric-kerosene oil. Results of experiments show that concentration of SiCimproves MRR in PMEMD.

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Optimization of process parameters on machining force and MRR in milling of GFRP composites using grey relational analysis

Vol.1  No.3

Year : 2013

Issue : Oct-Dec

Title : Optimization of process parameters on machining force and MRR in milling of GFRP composites using grey relational analysis

Author Name : M.P. Jenarthanan, NARESH NEELI

Synopsis :

This paper investigates the effect and parametric optimization of process parameters for milling of GFRP (Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer) composites using Grey Relational Analysis. Experiments were conducted using helix angle, spindle speed, feed rate, depth of cut and fibre orientation angle as typical process parameters. The grey relational analysis was adopted to obtain grey relational grade for milling process with multiple characteristics, namely Machining Force and Material Removal Rate (MRR). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to get the contribution of each parameter on the performance characteristics and it was observed that helix angle and fibre orientation angle were the most significant process parameters that affects the milling of GFRP composites. The experimental results reveal that, the helix o angle of 45 , spindle speed of 3000rpm, feed rate of 1000mm/min, depth of cut of 2mm and fibre orientation angle of o 15 is the optimum combination for lower machining force and higher material removal rate. The experimental results for the optimal setting show that there is considerable improvement in the process.

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Composites from waste for civil engineering applications

Vol.1  No.3

Year : 2013

Issue : Oct-Dec

Title : Composites from waste for civil engineering applications

Author Name : Manish Lila, Fanindra Kumar, Sanjay Sharma

Synopsis :

Composites are becoming more and more important as it can help in improving the quality of life. Now-a-days, composites are used in aeronautics, automobiles, boats, pipelines, buildings, roads, bridges, and dozens of other products. Researchers are finding ways to improve the qualities of composites so that they may be strong, lightweight, long-lasting, and inexpensive to produce. But the main factor which plays a major role in use of composites, is the cost of matrix and reinforcement. This paper provides information about easy availability of fibres, by-products and wastes from industries, technical properties and their potential for utilization in development and use of fibres’ composites materials in civil engineering field and construction industries. The matrix (Prime) material alone cannot achieve the good properties of composites. The focus is also kept in developing and making available, durable and reliable at reasonably minimum competitive price or cost.

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Experimental Study of Electrical Discharge Machining of PS-M A-463 Plastic Material

Vol.1  No.3

Year : 2013

Issue : Oct-Dec

Title : Experimental Study of Electrical Discharge Machining of PS-M A-463 Plastic Material

Author Name : Sameh Habib

Synopsis :

Plastic materials have become the optimum choice for numerous industrial applications where the performance rather than cost is the prime consideration. The demand for the machining processes of plastics has recently increased. This work investigates the Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) of PS-M A-463 plastic material with polystyrene base. The characteristics of PS-M A-463 plastic machined by EDM are studied in terms of machining parameters. Machining of plastics can be realized in EDM by assisting electrode method. In this method, the EDM workpiece surface is covered with an electrical conductive layer during discharge. The layer holds the electrical conductivity during discharging process. The workpiece surfaces were examined by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Moreover, surface roughness was determined with a Surface Profilometer. Experimental results indicate that the extent of delamination and surface roughness are proportional to the machining parameters. The EDM process effectively produces excellent surface characteristics and high quality holes in PS-M A-463 plastic material under low discharge energy conditions.

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Experimental measures of surface roughness by investigate the effect of Process Parameters in Abrasive Flow Machining Process

Vol.1  No.3

Year : 2013

Issue : Oct-Dec

Title : Experimental measures of surface roughness by investigate the effect of Process Parameters in Abrasive Flow Machining Process

Author Name : ravi gupta, Mohit Sharma, Rahul O Vaishya

Synopsis :

In the present era, modern manufacturing processes are hybridized with conventional and non-conventional processes to obtain better results. AFM is a widely used non conventional machining process for smoothening of rough edge inside the work piece by flow of an abrasive medium. The abrasive particles in abrasive media remove the excess material from surface and produce finished surface. Centrifugal force assisted abrasive flow machining process is a new hybrid non-traditional machining process that is developed as a technique for better finishing of surface as compared to simple AFM. In this study, an attempt was made to depict the effect of different process parameters on percentage change in roughness value. The parameters are type of material, abrasive particle size, rotational speed of rod inside the workpiece and axial pressure, to see their effect on percentage change in surface roughness. Taguchi technique was considered for experimental design without taking any interaction. The unit has been designed to satisfy the basic requirement of hybrid AFM i.e. by attaching a rod inside fixture by gear arrangement having rotational mechanism in set-up. For experimental design and analysis of different parameters, L orthogonal array based upon taguchi method 9 was used.

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Root Cause Analysis for the Thickness Measurement of Corrode Metal Sheet by Ultrasonic Thickness Gauge

Vol.1 No.2

Year : 2013

Issue : Jul-Sep

Title : Root Cause Analysis for the Thickness Measurement of Corrode Metal Sheet by Ultrasonic Thickness Gauge

Author Name : Sheetal Dewangan, K.Ganpati Shrinivas

Synopsis :

This paper summarizes some of the major aspects of precision ultrasonic thickness gauging. Ultrasonic NonDestructive Testing (NDT) characterizing material thickness, integrity, or other physical properties by means of high-frequency sound waves has become a widely used technique for quality control. In thickness gauging, ultrasonic techniques permit quick and reliable measurement of thickness without requiring access to both sides of a part. During the thickness measurement of any corroded plate, the reading of ultrasonic equipment gives many different readings for each time of inspection at same position due to their non uniform surfaces. Due to corrosion of metal piece, a material whose thickness is lower than the low limit of the probe causes measurement errors. Sometimes the displayed reading is twice as big as the actual thickness. To prevent these errors, the critical thin materials should be measured repeatedly for verification. This paper looks at the review causes of poor performance with ultrasonic techniques and suggests some methods to improve the situation.

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Parametric Optimization of Friction Stir Welded AA5083 Using Response Surface Methodology

Vol.1 No.2

Year : 2013

Issue : Jul-Sep

Title : Parametric Optimization of Friction Stir Welded AA5083 Using Response Surface Methodology

Author Name : Neeraj Sharma, Rajat Gupta, Sumit Jain

Synopsis :

Response surface methodology is used to model Friction Stir Welding (FSW) for the prediction of % elongation of AA 5083.The applications of friction stir welding are in aerospace, railways and space craft. The control factors of the process are tool rotational speed, welding speed, shoulder diameter and tool pin profile. Planning of experiments was carried using central composite design. The Analysis Of Variance (ANOVA) is used for the prediction of significant control factors along with their percentage contribution. The predicted optimized (minimum % elongation) setting of FSW control factors are tool rotational speed of 3966.23 rpm, a welding speed of 34.91 mm/min, and 19.89 mm shoulder diameter with trapezoidal pin profile. From this research it is found that the trapezoidal pin profile tool has the best effect on percentage elongation as compared to other pin profiles.

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Characterization of NiCrAIY Coatings on Ni- And Fe-Based Superalloys by the Cold Spray Process

Vol.1 No.2

Year : 2013

Issue : Jul-Sep

Title : Characterization of NiCrAIY Coatings on Ni- And Fe-Based Superalloys by the Cold Spray Process

Author Name : Sukhminderbir Singh Kalsi, T.S. Sidhu , Harminder Singh

Synopsis :

Coatings are always considered to improve the thermal, chemical and mechanical properties of the materials. Cold spray is one of the upcoming technologies for coatings. In this study NiCrAlY coatings were successfully deposited on Superni 76, Superni 600 and Superfer 800H superalloys (Midhani grade) for hot corrosion protection. The characterization of the cold sprayed coatings have been studied using the combined techniques of, optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX). The deposited coatings found were dense with a porosity less than 1% and micro hardness of the order of 582- 670 Hv. XRD and EDAX analysis show Ni as the major phase in as-sprayed coating. Coating was found free from oxides.

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Hot Corrosion in Bio Medical Waste Incinerator and Cold Spray Coatings - A Review

Vol.1 No.2

Year : 2013

Issue : Jul-Sep

Title : Hot Corrosion in Bio Medical Waste Incinerator and Cold Spray Coatings - A Review

Author Name : Sukhminderbir Singh Kalsi, T.S. Sidhu , Harminder Singh

Synopsis :

Fireside corrosion of boiler tubes in bio medical waste incinerator plants has been of great concern for plant operators, boiler designers, and boiler tube manufacturers since quite a few number of boiler tubes in these plants suffered from wall thinning due to hot corrosion. The corrosion problem at high temperature is more serious due to the highly aggressive environment in bio medical waste incinerator plants such as Cl , HCl, alkali metals and heavy metals. 2 Corrosion resistant coatings are the key technologies to reduce the maintenance in bio medical incinerator plants by reducing the hot corrosion problem. Different corrosion resistant coatings processes have been developed such as thermal spray, HVOF, HVSFS, PVD and cold spray. Employing the corrosion resistant coatings ensure the high corrosion and wear resistant of the boiler tubes. This paper highlights the hot corrosion in bio medical incinerator plants, its effects and its protection with corrosion resistant coatings. Cold spray coatings have been reviewed with the aim of summarizing their high temperature corrosion resistance properties.

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Experimental Investigations on Natural Frequencies of a Mono Composite and Steel Leaf Springs using Fast Fourier Transforms

Vol.1 No.2

Year : 2013

Issue : Jul-Sep

Title : Experimental Investigations on Natural Frequencies of a Mono Composite and Steel Leaf Springs using Fast Fourier Transforms

Author Name : Kandasamy J, Ravikumar , M. Madhavi

Synopsis :

The riding comfort of an automobile is greatly affected by the suspension system. Springs are crucial suspension elements, necessary to minimize the vertical vibrations, impacts and pumps due to road irregularities, vertical vibrations and impacts are buffered by variations is the spring deflection so that the potential energy is stored in spring as strain energy and then released slowly. Composite leaf spring made of Eglass/Epoxy is the best alternate to steel spring for having excellent higher strength-to-weight ratio, high energy spring capacity, excellent corrosion resistance and higher natural frequency.In the present paper, shape optimization of mono composite leaf spring was carried out with design constraints as stress and displacements. Through finite element technique, structural parameters are computed for both steel and optimized composite leaf springs. Experimental validations were done on steel and composite leaf spring for both static and dynamic conditions. The dynamic analysis is computed through Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and MATLAB code is developed to determine the natural frequencies of the leaf springs. Composite leaf spring is found to have low deflections, less stress, weight, high natural frequency and high damping property compared to steel leaf springs. This results in fuel savings and better riding comfort in automobiles.

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